Fixed-Effects Regressions Indicating Associations Between Change in Body Mass Index and Percent Change in Cognition, Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 3 637)
| . | Immediate Recall . | . | . | . | Delayed Recall . | . | Digit Ordering . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lagged . | . | Contemporaneous . | . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . |
| . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . |
| . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.53*** (0.13) | −0.06 (0.20) | −0.52*** (0.13) | −0.15 (0.20) | −0.20 (0.15) | −0.71*** (0.16) | −0.25 (0.18) | −0.72*** (0.17) |
| Income (quartiles) | 0.56* (0.28) | 0.48 (0.28) | 0.20 (0.34) | 0.19 (0.34) | 0.27 (0.32) | 0.31 (0.40) | 0.61 (0.39) | −0.08 (0.47) |
| Current smoker | −0.44 (1.08) | −0.47 (1.08) | 1.23 (1.56) | 1.34 (1.56) | 0.37 (1.27) | 0.94 (1.76) | 0.38 (1.52) | −0.35 (2.09) |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.97** (0.37) | 0.94* (0.37) | −1.42*** (0.40) | −1.41*** (0.40) | 0.89* (0.43) | −1.52** (0.46) | −0.26 (0.50) | −0.60 (0.54) |
| Diabetes | −2.91* (1.16) | −2.91* (1.16) | −3.01* (1.23) | −3.00* (1.22) | −2.00 (1.35) | −2.83 (1.42) | −1.13 (1.63) | −1.79 (1.70) |
| Heart disease | −2.90** (0.97) | −2.97** (0.97) | −1.85* (0.90) | −1.87* (0.90) | −3.99*** (1.14) | −0.20 (1.04) | −3.84** (1.35) | −2.91* (1.24) |
| High blood pressure | −5.27*** (0.65) | −5.27*** (0.65) | −3.10*** (0.80) | −3.02*** (0.80) | −5.14*** (0.76) | −2.72** (0.93) | −3.53*** (0.91) | −2.97** (1.10) |
| Stroke incidence between age 65 and 72 | −6.87*** (1.84) | −6.70*** (1.84) | −6.55** (1.88) | −6.50** (1.88) | −5.96** (2.13) | −5.82** (2.17) | −1.26 (2.64) | −0.51 (2.66) |
| Body mass index × Female | — | −0.77** (0.25) | — | −0.63* (0.26) | — | — | — | — |
| Intercept | 60.09 | 59.85 | 66.19 | 65.93 | 38.90 | 46.01 | 62.01 | 65.49 |
| σ u | 13.19 | 13.54 | 13.12 | 13.53 | 16.38 | 16.59 | 19.25 | 19.54 |
| σ e | 13.70 | 13.68 | 13.87 | 13.86 | 15.81 | 15.89 | 19.06 | 19.05 |
| . | Immediate Recall . | . | . | . | Delayed Recall . | . | Digit Ordering . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lagged . | . | Contemporaneous . | . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . |
| . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . |
| . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.53*** (0.13) | −0.06 (0.20) | −0.52*** (0.13) | −0.15 (0.20) | −0.20 (0.15) | −0.71*** (0.16) | −0.25 (0.18) | −0.72*** (0.17) |
| Income (quartiles) | 0.56* (0.28) | 0.48 (0.28) | 0.20 (0.34) | 0.19 (0.34) | 0.27 (0.32) | 0.31 (0.40) | 0.61 (0.39) | −0.08 (0.47) |
| Current smoker | −0.44 (1.08) | −0.47 (1.08) | 1.23 (1.56) | 1.34 (1.56) | 0.37 (1.27) | 0.94 (1.76) | 0.38 (1.52) | −0.35 (2.09) |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.97** (0.37) | 0.94* (0.37) | −1.42*** (0.40) | −1.41*** (0.40) | 0.89* (0.43) | −1.52** (0.46) | −0.26 (0.50) | −0.60 (0.54) |
| Diabetes | −2.91* (1.16) | −2.91* (1.16) | −3.01* (1.23) | −3.00* (1.22) | −2.00 (1.35) | −2.83 (1.42) | −1.13 (1.63) | −1.79 (1.70) |
| Heart disease | −2.90** (0.97) | −2.97** (0.97) | −1.85* (0.90) | −1.87* (0.90) | −3.99*** (1.14) | −0.20 (1.04) | −3.84** (1.35) | −2.91* (1.24) |
| High blood pressure | −5.27*** (0.65) | −5.27*** (0.65) | −3.10*** (0.80) | −3.02*** (0.80) | −5.14*** (0.76) | −2.72** (0.93) | −3.53*** (0.91) | −2.97** (1.10) |
| Stroke incidence between age 65 and 72 | −6.87*** (1.84) | −6.70*** (1.84) | −6.55** (1.88) | −6.50** (1.88) | −5.96** (2.13) | −5.82** (2.17) | −1.26 (2.64) | −0.51 (2.66) |
| Body mass index × Female | — | −0.77** (0.25) | — | −0.63* (0.26) | — | — | — | — |
| Intercept | 60.09 | 59.85 | 66.19 | 65.93 | 38.90 | 46.01 | 62.01 | 65.49 |
| σ u | 13.19 | 13.54 | 13.12 | 13.53 | 16.38 | 16.59 | 19.25 | 19.54 |
| σ e | 13.70 | 13.68 | 13.87 | 13.86 | 15.81 | 15.89 | 19.06 | 19.05 |
Notes: In the lagged models, change in the independent variables was between the ages of 54 and 65. In the contemporaneous models, change in the independent variables was between the ages of 65 and 72. In all models, change in cognition and stroke incidence were between the ages of 65 and 72. Body mass index was centered at 25. Depressive symptoms ranged from 0 lowest to 140 highest, and scores were logged for regression. There were no significant interactions by sex for delayed recall or digit ordering. ***p <.001; **p <.01; *p <.05.
Fixed-Effects Regressions Indicating Associations Between Change in Body Mass Index and Percent Change in Cognition, Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 3 637)
| . | Immediate Recall . | . | . | . | Delayed Recall . | . | Digit Ordering . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lagged . | . | Contemporaneous . | . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . |
| . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . |
| . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.53*** (0.13) | −0.06 (0.20) | −0.52*** (0.13) | −0.15 (0.20) | −0.20 (0.15) | −0.71*** (0.16) | −0.25 (0.18) | −0.72*** (0.17) |
| Income (quartiles) | 0.56* (0.28) | 0.48 (0.28) | 0.20 (0.34) | 0.19 (0.34) | 0.27 (0.32) | 0.31 (0.40) | 0.61 (0.39) | −0.08 (0.47) |
| Current smoker | −0.44 (1.08) | −0.47 (1.08) | 1.23 (1.56) | 1.34 (1.56) | 0.37 (1.27) | 0.94 (1.76) | 0.38 (1.52) | −0.35 (2.09) |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.97** (0.37) | 0.94* (0.37) | −1.42*** (0.40) | −1.41*** (0.40) | 0.89* (0.43) | −1.52** (0.46) | −0.26 (0.50) | −0.60 (0.54) |
| Diabetes | −2.91* (1.16) | −2.91* (1.16) | −3.01* (1.23) | −3.00* (1.22) | −2.00 (1.35) | −2.83 (1.42) | −1.13 (1.63) | −1.79 (1.70) |
| Heart disease | −2.90** (0.97) | −2.97** (0.97) | −1.85* (0.90) | −1.87* (0.90) | −3.99*** (1.14) | −0.20 (1.04) | −3.84** (1.35) | −2.91* (1.24) |
| High blood pressure | −5.27*** (0.65) | −5.27*** (0.65) | −3.10*** (0.80) | −3.02*** (0.80) | −5.14*** (0.76) | −2.72** (0.93) | −3.53*** (0.91) | −2.97** (1.10) |
| Stroke incidence between age 65 and 72 | −6.87*** (1.84) | −6.70*** (1.84) | −6.55** (1.88) | −6.50** (1.88) | −5.96** (2.13) | −5.82** (2.17) | −1.26 (2.64) | −0.51 (2.66) |
| Body mass index × Female | — | −0.77** (0.25) | — | −0.63* (0.26) | — | — | — | — |
| Intercept | 60.09 | 59.85 | 66.19 | 65.93 | 38.90 | 46.01 | 62.01 | 65.49 |
| σ u | 13.19 | 13.54 | 13.12 | 13.53 | 16.38 | 16.59 | 19.25 | 19.54 |
| σ e | 13.70 | 13.68 | 13.87 | 13.86 | 15.81 | 15.89 | 19.06 | 19.05 |
| . | Immediate Recall . | . | . | . | Delayed Recall . | . | Digit Ordering . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lagged . | . | Contemporaneous . | . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . | Lagged . | Contemporaneous . |
| . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Sex Interaction . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . | Main Effects . |
| . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . | B (SE) . |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.53*** (0.13) | −0.06 (0.20) | −0.52*** (0.13) | −0.15 (0.20) | −0.20 (0.15) | −0.71*** (0.16) | −0.25 (0.18) | −0.72*** (0.17) |
| Income (quartiles) | 0.56* (0.28) | 0.48 (0.28) | 0.20 (0.34) | 0.19 (0.34) | 0.27 (0.32) | 0.31 (0.40) | 0.61 (0.39) | −0.08 (0.47) |
| Current smoker | −0.44 (1.08) | −0.47 (1.08) | 1.23 (1.56) | 1.34 (1.56) | 0.37 (1.27) | 0.94 (1.76) | 0.38 (1.52) | −0.35 (2.09) |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.97** (0.37) | 0.94* (0.37) | −1.42*** (0.40) | −1.41*** (0.40) | 0.89* (0.43) | −1.52** (0.46) | −0.26 (0.50) | −0.60 (0.54) |
| Diabetes | −2.91* (1.16) | −2.91* (1.16) | −3.01* (1.23) | −3.00* (1.22) | −2.00 (1.35) | −2.83 (1.42) | −1.13 (1.63) | −1.79 (1.70) |
| Heart disease | −2.90** (0.97) | −2.97** (0.97) | −1.85* (0.90) | −1.87* (0.90) | −3.99*** (1.14) | −0.20 (1.04) | −3.84** (1.35) | −2.91* (1.24) |
| High blood pressure | −5.27*** (0.65) | −5.27*** (0.65) | −3.10*** (0.80) | −3.02*** (0.80) | −5.14*** (0.76) | −2.72** (0.93) | −3.53*** (0.91) | −2.97** (1.10) |
| Stroke incidence between age 65 and 72 | −6.87*** (1.84) | −6.70*** (1.84) | −6.55** (1.88) | −6.50** (1.88) | −5.96** (2.13) | −5.82** (2.17) | −1.26 (2.64) | −0.51 (2.66) |
| Body mass index × Female | — | −0.77** (0.25) | — | −0.63* (0.26) | — | — | — | — |
| Intercept | 60.09 | 59.85 | 66.19 | 65.93 | 38.90 | 46.01 | 62.01 | 65.49 |
| σ u | 13.19 | 13.54 | 13.12 | 13.53 | 16.38 | 16.59 | 19.25 | 19.54 |
| σ e | 13.70 | 13.68 | 13.87 | 13.86 | 15.81 | 15.89 | 19.06 | 19.05 |
Notes: In the lagged models, change in the independent variables was between the ages of 54 and 65. In the contemporaneous models, change in the independent variables was between the ages of 65 and 72. In all models, change in cognition and stroke incidence were between the ages of 65 and 72. Body mass index was centered at 25. Depressive symptoms ranged from 0 lowest to 140 highest, and scores were logged for regression. There were no significant interactions by sex for delayed recall or digit ordering. ***p <.001; **p <.01; *p <.05.
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