Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals from Logistic Regression Models of Dementia on Region of Residence and Region of Birth
| . | Region of residence . | . | Region of birth . | . | Region of residence + Region of birth . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . |
| . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . |
| Region of residence | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p = .344) | ||
| Northeast | 0.68 (0.59, 0.79) *** | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) *** | — | — | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) |
| Midwest | 0.63 (0.56, 0.72) *** | 0.78 (0.71, 0.87) *** | — | — | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) |
| South | Ref. | Ref. | — | — | Ref. |
| West | 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) *** | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) *** | — | — | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
| Region of birth | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| Northeast | — | — | 0.39 (0.35, 0.44) *** | 0.59 (0.52, 0.68) *** | 0.57 (0.49, 0.65) *** |
| Midwest | — | — | 0.41 (0.36, 0.47) *** | 0.62 (0.55, 0.70) *** | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) *** |
| South | — | — | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| West | — | — | 0.52 (0.41, 0.66) *** | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) ** | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
| Non-U.S. | — | — | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.91) ** | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) ** |
| Survey year | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** |
| Age | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.11, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** |
| Female | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) |
| Age × female | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** |
| Race/ethnicity | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| White, NH | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black, NH | — | 2.63 (2.36, 2.92) *** | — | 2.17 (1.93, 2.45) *** | 2.16 (1.91, 2.44) *** |
| Hispanic | — | 1.80 (1.54, 2.11) *** | — | 1.72 (1.47, 2.01) *** | 1.74 (1.48, 2.05) *** |
| Other | — | 1.76 (1.22, 2.55) ** | — | 1.59 (1.09, 2.31) * | 1.60 (1.11, 2.32) * |
| Education | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| <HS | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| HS/GED | — | 0.40 (0.37, 0.43) *** | — | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** |
| AA/SC | — | 0.29 (0.25, 0.32) *** | — | 0.30 (0.26, 0.34) *** | 0.30 (0.27, 0.34) *** |
| BA+ | — | 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) *** | — | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** |
| Constant | 0.12 (0.11, 0.14) *** | 0.18 (0.16, 0.20) *** | 0.15 (0.13, 0.17) *** | 0.20 (0.18, 0.23) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.23) *** |
| Model fit | F(7,51) = 492.58 *** | F(13,45) = 372.58 *** | F(8,50) = 437.83 *** | F(14,44) = 449.08 *** | F(17,41) = 370.85 *** |
| . | Region of residence . | . | Region of birth . | . | Region of residence + Region of birth . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . |
| . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . |
| Region of residence | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p = .344) | ||
| Northeast | 0.68 (0.59, 0.79) *** | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) *** | — | — | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) |
| Midwest | 0.63 (0.56, 0.72) *** | 0.78 (0.71, 0.87) *** | — | — | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) |
| South | Ref. | Ref. | — | — | Ref. |
| West | 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) *** | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) *** | — | — | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
| Region of birth | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| Northeast | — | — | 0.39 (0.35, 0.44) *** | 0.59 (0.52, 0.68) *** | 0.57 (0.49, 0.65) *** |
| Midwest | — | — | 0.41 (0.36, 0.47) *** | 0.62 (0.55, 0.70) *** | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) *** |
| South | — | — | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| West | — | — | 0.52 (0.41, 0.66) *** | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) ** | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
| Non-U.S. | — | — | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.91) ** | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) ** |
| Survey year | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** |
| Age | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.11, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** |
| Female | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) |
| Age × female | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** |
| Race/ethnicity | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| White, NH | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black, NH | — | 2.63 (2.36, 2.92) *** | — | 2.17 (1.93, 2.45) *** | 2.16 (1.91, 2.44) *** |
| Hispanic | — | 1.80 (1.54, 2.11) *** | — | 1.72 (1.47, 2.01) *** | 1.74 (1.48, 2.05) *** |
| Other | — | 1.76 (1.22, 2.55) ** | — | 1.59 (1.09, 2.31) * | 1.60 (1.11, 2.32) * |
| Education | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| <HS | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| HS/GED | — | 0.40 (0.37, 0.43) *** | — | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** |
| AA/SC | — | 0.29 (0.25, 0.32) *** | — | 0.30 (0.26, 0.34) *** | 0.30 (0.27, 0.34) *** |
| BA+ | — | 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) *** | — | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** |
| Constant | 0.12 (0.11, 0.14) *** | 0.18 (0.16, 0.20) *** | 0.15 (0.13, 0.17) *** | 0.20 (0.18, 0.23) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.23) *** |
| Model fit | F(7,51) = 492.58 *** | F(13,45) = 372.58 *** | F(8,50) = 437.83 *** | F(14,44) = 449.08 *** | F(17,41) = 370.85 *** |
Notes: N = 96,848 observations (person–periods). Data are from Health and Retirement Study respondents ages 65 and older in years 2000–16. HRS-constructed weighting and clustering variables are applied. Survey year is centered at 2000. Age is centered at 75. AA/SC = Associate’s or some college; BA+ = Bachelor’s or higher; CI = confidence interval; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; <HS = less than high school; HS/GED = high school or GED; NH = non-Hispanic; OR = odds ratio. Italicized p values are from adjusted Wald tests of joint significance.
Two-sided significance tests: ***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals from Logistic Regression Models of Dementia on Region of Residence and Region of Birth
| . | Region of residence . | . | Region of birth . | . | Region of residence + Region of birth . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . |
| . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . |
| Region of residence | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p = .344) | ||
| Northeast | 0.68 (0.59, 0.79) *** | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) *** | — | — | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) |
| Midwest | 0.63 (0.56, 0.72) *** | 0.78 (0.71, 0.87) *** | — | — | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) |
| South | Ref. | Ref. | — | — | Ref. |
| West | 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) *** | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) *** | — | — | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
| Region of birth | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| Northeast | — | — | 0.39 (0.35, 0.44) *** | 0.59 (0.52, 0.68) *** | 0.57 (0.49, 0.65) *** |
| Midwest | — | — | 0.41 (0.36, 0.47) *** | 0.62 (0.55, 0.70) *** | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) *** |
| South | — | — | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| West | — | — | 0.52 (0.41, 0.66) *** | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) ** | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
| Non-U.S. | — | — | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.91) ** | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) ** |
| Survey year | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** |
| Age | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.11, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** |
| Female | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) |
| Age × female | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** |
| Race/ethnicity | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| White, NH | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black, NH | — | 2.63 (2.36, 2.92) *** | — | 2.17 (1.93, 2.45) *** | 2.16 (1.91, 2.44) *** |
| Hispanic | — | 1.80 (1.54, 2.11) *** | — | 1.72 (1.47, 2.01) *** | 1.74 (1.48, 2.05) *** |
| Other | — | 1.76 (1.22, 2.55) ** | — | 1.59 (1.09, 2.31) * | 1.60 (1.11, 2.32) * |
| Education | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| <HS | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| HS/GED | — | 0.40 (0.37, 0.43) *** | — | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** |
| AA/SC | — | 0.29 (0.25, 0.32) *** | — | 0.30 (0.26, 0.34) *** | 0.30 (0.27, 0.34) *** |
| BA+ | — | 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) *** | — | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** |
| Constant | 0.12 (0.11, 0.14) *** | 0.18 (0.16, 0.20) *** | 0.15 (0.13, 0.17) *** | 0.20 (0.18, 0.23) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.23) *** |
| Model fit | F(7,51) = 492.58 *** | F(13,45) = 372.58 *** | F(8,50) = 437.83 *** | F(14,44) = 449.08 *** | F(17,41) = 370.85 *** |
| . | Region of residence . | . | Region of birth . | . | Region of residence + Region of birth . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . |
| . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . | OR (95% CI) . |
| Region of residence | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p = .344) | ||
| Northeast | 0.68 (0.59, 0.79) *** | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) *** | — | — | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) |
| Midwest | 0.63 (0.56, 0.72) *** | 0.78 (0.71, 0.87) *** | — | — | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) |
| South | Ref. | Ref. | — | — | Ref. |
| West | 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) *** | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) *** | — | — | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
| Region of birth | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| Northeast | — | — | 0.39 (0.35, 0.44) *** | 0.59 (0.52, 0.68) *** | 0.57 (0.49, 0.65) *** |
| Midwest | — | — | 0.41 (0.36, 0.47) *** | 0.62 (0.55, 0.70) *** | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) *** |
| South | — | — | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| West | — | — | 0.52 (0.41, 0.66) *** | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) ** | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
| Non-U.S. | — | — | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.91) ** | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) ** |
| Survey year | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) ** |
| Age | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.11, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** | 1.11 (1.10, 1.12) *** |
| Female | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) |
| Age × female | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) *** |
| Race/ethnicity | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| White, NH | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black, NH | — | 2.63 (2.36, 2.92) *** | — | 2.17 (1.93, 2.45) *** | 2.16 (1.91, 2.44) *** |
| Hispanic | — | 1.80 (1.54, 2.11) *** | — | 1.72 (1.47, 2.01) *** | 1.74 (1.48, 2.05) *** |
| Other | — | 1.76 (1.22, 2.55) ** | — | 1.59 (1.09, 2.31) * | 1.60 (1.11, 2.32) * |
| Education | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | (p < .001) | ||
| <HS | — | Ref. | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| HS/GED | — | 0.40 (0.37, 0.43) *** | — | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** | 0.41 (0.38, 0.44) *** |
| AA/SC | — | 0.29 (0.25, 0.32) *** | — | 0.30 (0.26, 0.34) *** | 0.30 (0.27, 0.34) *** |
| BA+ | — | 0.20 (0.17, 0.23) *** | — | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.24) *** |
| Constant | 0.12 (0.11, 0.14) *** | 0.18 (0.16, 0.20) *** | 0.15 (0.13, 0.17) *** | 0.20 (0.18, 0.23) *** | 0.21 (0.18, 0.23) *** |
| Model fit | F(7,51) = 492.58 *** | F(13,45) = 372.58 *** | F(8,50) = 437.83 *** | F(14,44) = 449.08 *** | F(17,41) = 370.85 *** |
Notes: N = 96,848 observations (person–periods). Data are from Health and Retirement Study respondents ages 65 and older in years 2000–16. HRS-constructed weighting and clustering variables are applied. Survey year is centered at 2000. Age is centered at 75. AA/SC = Associate’s or some college; BA+ = Bachelor’s or higher; CI = confidence interval; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; <HS = less than high school; HS/GED = high school or GED; NH = non-Hispanic; OR = odds ratio. Italicized p values are from adjusted Wald tests of joint significance.
Two-sided significance tests: ***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05.
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