Response of various forest ecosystem components to storms, focusing mainly on the responses that are difficult to observe with technological equipment.
| Response of . | Examples . | References . |
|---|---|---|
| Energy | Wind variability/turbulence | Ruchith and Ernest Raj (2020) |
| Droplet impacts and scouring flows | Dunkerley (2020) | |
| Vapor plumes and trapped water vapor in understory | Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2021), Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2020) | |
| Rates of canopy snow sublimation versus melt | Lundquist and colleagues (2021), Levia and Underwood (2004) | |
| Pools | Litter and soil organic matter | Qualls (2020) |
| Dissolution of nutrients along bedrock–soil interface | Backnäs and colleagues (2012) | |
| Filling or overflow of canopy water impoundments (dendro- or phytotelmata) | Mendieta-Leiva and colleagues (2020) | |
| Organismal biomass in litter and soil | Ptatscheck and colleagues (2018) | |
| Fluxes of matter | Water: Novel or preferential flow paths through canopy, over soils, through soils | Weathers and colleagues (2020), Herwitz (1986), Friesen (2020) |
| Particles: Topsoil erosion and transport, washout of captured aerosols | Dunkerley (2020), Ponette-González and colleagues (2022) | |
| Solutes: Canopy to soil nutrient returns, pollutant input, allelochemicals | Parker (1983), Klučiarová and colleagues (2008), Molina and colleagues (1991) | |
| Gasses: Carbon dioxide birch effect, nitrous oxide flush, leaf gas exchange | Unger and colleagues (2010), Enanga and colleagues (2016), Berry and colleagues (2019) | |
| Microorganisms | Resuscitation of dormant microorganisms | Placella and colleagues (2012) |
| Cell lysis by osmotic pressure | Bottner and colleagues (1998) | |
| Dispersal of fungal spores, phyllosphere bacteria | Magyar and colleagues (2021), Teachey and colleagues (2018) | |
| Microsites where microbes switch to alternative terminal electron acceptors | Burgin and colleagues (2011), Keiluweit and colleagues (2016) | |
| Vegetation | Dispersal and establishment of reproductive materials Washout of plant-generated materials, such as pollen and nectars Novel water transport and uptake systems Activation of nonvascular vegetation | Reski (2018), Barthlott and colleagues (2014) Verstraeten and colleagues (2019), Campbell and colleagues (2013) Biddick and colleagues (2018) Porada and colleagues (2023), |
| Animals | Larval development of mosquitos and other animals in or around tree holes | Fish and Carpenter (1982), Kirsch and colleagues (2021) |
| Animal consumption of free water and excretions into water flows | Mella and colleagues (2020), de Albuquerque and colleagues (2021), Beard and colleagues (2002) | |
| Behaviors that directly engineer water processes in ecosystems | Maschwitz and Moog (2000) | |
| Trophic structure and interactions | Romero and colleagues (2020), Skagen and Adams (2012) | |
| Signaling | Flush pathogens or stress indicators from phyllosphere | Van Stan and colleagues (2020) |
| Flush of organismal or waste products from insect infestation | Arango and colleagues (2019) | |
| Flush of byproducts from canopy and epiphyte life events | Guidone and colleagues (2021) | |
| Geomorphological alteration (over multiple events) | Lipar and colleagues (2021) |
| Response of . | Examples . | References . |
|---|---|---|
| Energy | Wind variability/turbulence | Ruchith and Ernest Raj (2020) |
| Droplet impacts and scouring flows | Dunkerley (2020) | |
| Vapor plumes and trapped water vapor in understory | Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2021), Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2020) | |
| Rates of canopy snow sublimation versus melt | Lundquist and colleagues (2021), Levia and Underwood (2004) | |
| Pools | Litter and soil organic matter | Qualls (2020) |
| Dissolution of nutrients along bedrock–soil interface | Backnäs and colleagues (2012) | |
| Filling or overflow of canopy water impoundments (dendro- or phytotelmata) | Mendieta-Leiva and colleagues (2020) | |
| Organismal biomass in litter and soil | Ptatscheck and colleagues (2018) | |
| Fluxes of matter | Water: Novel or preferential flow paths through canopy, over soils, through soils | Weathers and colleagues (2020), Herwitz (1986), Friesen (2020) |
| Particles: Topsoil erosion and transport, washout of captured aerosols | Dunkerley (2020), Ponette-González and colleagues (2022) | |
| Solutes: Canopy to soil nutrient returns, pollutant input, allelochemicals | Parker (1983), Klučiarová and colleagues (2008), Molina and colleagues (1991) | |
| Gasses: Carbon dioxide birch effect, nitrous oxide flush, leaf gas exchange | Unger and colleagues (2010), Enanga and colleagues (2016), Berry and colleagues (2019) | |
| Microorganisms | Resuscitation of dormant microorganisms | Placella and colleagues (2012) |
| Cell lysis by osmotic pressure | Bottner and colleagues (1998) | |
| Dispersal of fungal spores, phyllosphere bacteria | Magyar and colleagues (2021), Teachey and colleagues (2018) | |
| Microsites where microbes switch to alternative terminal electron acceptors | Burgin and colleagues (2011), Keiluweit and colleagues (2016) | |
| Vegetation | Dispersal and establishment of reproductive materials Washout of plant-generated materials, such as pollen and nectars Novel water transport and uptake systems Activation of nonvascular vegetation | Reski (2018), Barthlott and colleagues (2014) Verstraeten and colleagues (2019), Campbell and colleagues (2013) Biddick and colleagues (2018) Porada and colleagues (2023), |
| Animals | Larval development of mosquitos and other animals in or around tree holes | Fish and Carpenter (1982), Kirsch and colleagues (2021) |
| Animal consumption of free water and excretions into water flows | Mella and colleagues (2020), de Albuquerque and colleagues (2021), Beard and colleagues (2002) | |
| Behaviors that directly engineer water processes in ecosystems | Maschwitz and Moog (2000) | |
| Trophic structure and interactions | Romero and colleagues (2020), Skagen and Adams (2012) | |
| Signaling | Flush pathogens or stress indicators from phyllosphere | Van Stan and colleagues (2020) |
| Flush of organismal or waste products from insect infestation | Arango and colleagues (2019) | |
| Flush of byproducts from canopy and epiphyte life events | Guidone and colleagues (2021) | |
| Geomorphological alteration (over multiple events) | Lipar and colleagues (2021) |
Response of various forest ecosystem components to storms, focusing mainly on the responses that are difficult to observe with technological equipment.
| Response of . | Examples . | References . |
|---|---|---|
| Energy | Wind variability/turbulence | Ruchith and Ernest Raj (2020) |
| Droplet impacts and scouring flows | Dunkerley (2020) | |
| Vapor plumes and trapped water vapor in understory | Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2021), Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2020) | |
| Rates of canopy snow sublimation versus melt | Lundquist and colleagues (2021), Levia and Underwood (2004) | |
| Pools | Litter and soil organic matter | Qualls (2020) |
| Dissolution of nutrients along bedrock–soil interface | Backnäs and colleagues (2012) | |
| Filling or overflow of canopy water impoundments (dendro- or phytotelmata) | Mendieta-Leiva and colleagues (2020) | |
| Organismal biomass in litter and soil | Ptatscheck and colleagues (2018) | |
| Fluxes of matter | Water: Novel or preferential flow paths through canopy, over soils, through soils | Weathers and colleagues (2020), Herwitz (1986), Friesen (2020) |
| Particles: Topsoil erosion and transport, washout of captured aerosols | Dunkerley (2020), Ponette-González and colleagues (2022) | |
| Solutes: Canopy to soil nutrient returns, pollutant input, allelochemicals | Parker (1983), Klučiarová and colleagues (2008), Molina and colleagues (1991) | |
| Gasses: Carbon dioxide birch effect, nitrous oxide flush, leaf gas exchange | Unger and colleagues (2010), Enanga and colleagues (2016), Berry and colleagues (2019) | |
| Microorganisms | Resuscitation of dormant microorganisms | Placella and colleagues (2012) |
| Cell lysis by osmotic pressure | Bottner and colleagues (1998) | |
| Dispersal of fungal spores, phyllosphere bacteria | Magyar and colleagues (2021), Teachey and colleagues (2018) | |
| Microsites where microbes switch to alternative terminal electron acceptors | Burgin and colleagues (2011), Keiluweit and colleagues (2016) | |
| Vegetation | Dispersal and establishment of reproductive materials Washout of plant-generated materials, such as pollen and nectars Novel water transport and uptake systems Activation of nonvascular vegetation | Reski (2018), Barthlott and colleagues (2014) Verstraeten and colleagues (2019), Campbell and colleagues (2013) Biddick and colleagues (2018) Porada and colleagues (2023), |
| Animals | Larval development of mosquitos and other animals in or around tree holes | Fish and Carpenter (1982), Kirsch and colleagues (2021) |
| Animal consumption of free water and excretions into water flows | Mella and colleagues (2020), de Albuquerque and colleagues (2021), Beard and colleagues (2002) | |
| Behaviors that directly engineer water processes in ecosystems | Maschwitz and Moog (2000) | |
| Trophic structure and interactions | Romero and colleagues (2020), Skagen and Adams (2012) | |
| Signaling | Flush pathogens or stress indicators from phyllosphere | Van Stan and colleagues (2020) |
| Flush of organismal or waste products from insect infestation | Arango and colleagues (2019) | |
| Flush of byproducts from canopy and epiphyte life events | Guidone and colleagues (2021) | |
| Geomorphological alteration (over multiple events) | Lipar and colleagues (2021) |
| Response of . | Examples . | References . |
|---|---|---|
| Energy | Wind variability/turbulence | Ruchith and Ernest Raj (2020) |
| Droplet impacts and scouring flows | Dunkerley (2020) | |
| Vapor plumes and trapped water vapor in understory | Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2021), Jiménez-Rodríguez and colleagues (2020) | |
| Rates of canopy snow sublimation versus melt | Lundquist and colleagues (2021), Levia and Underwood (2004) | |
| Pools | Litter and soil organic matter | Qualls (2020) |
| Dissolution of nutrients along bedrock–soil interface | Backnäs and colleagues (2012) | |
| Filling or overflow of canopy water impoundments (dendro- or phytotelmata) | Mendieta-Leiva and colleagues (2020) | |
| Organismal biomass in litter and soil | Ptatscheck and colleagues (2018) | |
| Fluxes of matter | Water: Novel or preferential flow paths through canopy, over soils, through soils | Weathers and colleagues (2020), Herwitz (1986), Friesen (2020) |
| Particles: Topsoil erosion and transport, washout of captured aerosols | Dunkerley (2020), Ponette-González and colleagues (2022) | |
| Solutes: Canopy to soil nutrient returns, pollutant input, allelochemicals | Parker (1983), Klučiarová and colleagues (2008), Molina and colleagues (1991) | |
| Gasses: Carbon dioxide birch effect, nitrous oxide flush, leaf gas exchange | Unger and colleagues (2010), Enanga and colleagues (2016), Berry and colleagues (2019) | |
| Microorganisms | Resuscitation of dormant microorganisms | Placella and colleagues (2012) |
| Cell lysis by osmotic pressure | Bottner and colleagues (1998) | |
| Dispersal of fungal spores, phyllosphere bacteria | Magyar and colleagues (2021), Teachey and colleagues (2018) | |
| Microsites where microbes switch to alternative terminal electron acceptors | Burgin and colleagues (2011), Keiluweit and colleagues (2016) | |
| Vegetation | Dispersal and establishment of reproductive materials Washout of plant-generated materials, such as pollen and nectars Novel water transport and uptake systems Activation of nonvascular vegetation | Reski (2018), Barthlott and colleagues (2014) Verstraeten and colleagues (2019), Campbell and colleagues (2013) Biddick and colleagues (2018) Porada and colleagues (2023), |
| Animals | Larval development of mosquitos and other animals in or around tree holes | Fish and Carpenter (1982), Kirsch and colleagues (2021) |
| Animal consumption of free water and excretions into water flows | Mella and colleagues (2020), de Albuquerque and colleagues (2021), Beard and colleagues (2002) | |
| Behaviors that directly engineer water processes in ecosystems | Maschwitz and Moog (2000) | |
| Trophic structure and interactions | Romero and colleagues (2020), Skagen and Adams (2012) | |
| Signaling | Flush pathogens or stress indicators from phyllosphere | Van Stan and colleagues (2020) |
| Flush of organismal or waste products from insect infestation | Arango and colleagues (2019) | |
| Flush of byproducts from canopy and epiphyte life events | Guidone and colleagues (2021) | |
| Geomorphological alteration (over multiple events) | Lipar and colleagues (2021) |
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