Representative images of species from various clades/families of nonflowering plants. The species names presented here are: a. Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. (Pinophyta, Pinales, Pinaceae). Shoots and female cones. Photo credit adapted from Magnus Manske (CC BY SA 3.0 Wikimedia Commons). b. Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgophyta, Ginkgoales, Ginkgoaceae). Leaves and male inflorescence. Photo credit adapted from Sten, CC-BY SA 3.0 Wikimedia Commons. c. Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. (Polypodiopsida, Cyatheales, Cibotiaceae). Fronds (leaves). Photo credit: Pi-Fong Lu. d. Adiantum caudatum Klotzsch (Polypodiopsida, Polypodiales, Pteridaceae). Fronds (leaves) and habit. Photo credit: Pi-Fong Lu. e. Marsilea crenata C.Presl (Polypodiopsida, Salviniales, Marsileaceae). Fronds (leaves) and habit. Photo credit: Pi-Fong Lu. f. Asplenium viride Huds. (Polypodiopsida, Polypodiales, Aspleniaceae). Fronds (leaves) and habit. Photo credit: Pi-Fong Lu. g. Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub. (Lycopodiopsida, Lycopodiales, Lycopodiaceae. Habit. Photo credit: Pi-Fong Lu. h. Bryum capilare Hedwig (Bryopsida, Bryales, Bryaceae). Gametophyte and Sporophyte. Photo Credit adapted from Lairich Rig (CC BY SA 2.0 Wikimedia Commons). i. Marchantia polymorpha L. (Marchantiopsida, Marchantiales, Marchantiaceae). Thalli with gemmae (asexual reproductive structures). Photo Credit adapted from Holger Casselmann (CC-BY SA 3.0 Wikimedia Commons).